Spleen cells from mice immunized with cGAMP-adjuvanted antigen showed a facilitated antigen-specific proliferation capacity. They secrete cytokines indicating antigen-specific activity of different Th cell types. A similar secretion profile was observed in cells obtained from the CLN of immunized mice. The analysis of the cytokines produced by re-stimulated cells obtained from immunized mice six weeks after the last boost provides a first indication of the potential of cGAMP to trigger long-term immunity. These observations demonstrate the efficacy of cGAMP as an AB1010 adjuvant that promotes a broad cellular immune response in our mouse immunization model. The induction of considerable Th1 cell activity and of IL-17 secretion at a comparatively low level mediated by cGAMP could be a valuable unique feature for the development of vaccines with defined specific effects. Different pathogens require different immune responses to be controlled: for example, a pronounced Th1 activity is needed to combat intracellular pathogens while a robust Th2 stimulation aids the immune response against extracellular bacteria or parasites. Both activities were promoted by cGAMP. Notably, the use of cGAMP as an adjuvant in our mouse immunization model gave rise to a very robustly enhanced number of IFN-c and IL-2 secreting cells suggesting a considerable Th1 response. This can hardly be achieved with the use of alum as a widespread adjuvant among vaccines currently approved for humans. IL-17 signaling, largely provided by activated Th17 cells, can also modulate Th1 responses. In the here described immune response to OVA/ cGAMP, the observed Th1 indicator molecule profile resembled that induced in the OVA/c-di-AMP immunized mice. This suggests that Th1 profiles are not strongly dependent on IL17 modulation. However, it was also reported that IL-17 activity can have adverse effects. For example, vaccinated mice can develop arthritis after the challenge with Borrelia burgdorferi in an IL-17 dependent manner. In such cases one may want to compose vaccines that provide control over IL-17 secretion activity, for instance by using cGAMP as an adjuvant. The observed in vitro responsiveness of human innate immune cells indicates a promising activity of cGAMP in the human background. It suggests that cGAMP does not exclusively act on mouse-specific sensor molecules to cause immune cell activation and qualifies cGAMP to be considered as candidate adjuvant for the use in human vaccines. Taken together, the activity of cGAMP as a mucosal adjuvant promotes model antigen specific adaptive immune responses in a pre-clinical model. The distinct profile of cGAMP adjuvant effects, especially with regard to its Th1/Th2/Th17 induction, makes it an interesting candidate adjuvant with predictable immune modulation properties and, hence, a valuable tool with a potential in rational vaccine design. Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels are a class of porin ion channels located on the outer membrane of mitochondria. VDACs allow diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules, which play an important role in regulating metabolic and energetic flux across the outer mitochondrial membrane by transporting ions and molecules such as ATP, ADP, pyruvate, malate, and other metabolites. Also, VDACs are known to form channels through the plasma membrane, which are involved in cell volume regulation. In addition, VDACs have been reported to play a key role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. VDACs are the major permeability pathways through the outer mitochondrial membrane. During apoptosis, increased permeability of VDACs allows for the release of apoptogenic proteins to the cytosol, which is strongly associated with cell death.