Intensities of the protein spots in group E were as high as 79.3% relative to the group B, and their pH ranged from 4�C7. HrBP1 and the harpin-like binding protein are both found in plant cell walls and belong to a family of complex receptors. Activated HrBP1 can act upstream of the SA, JA, and Atropine sulfate ethylene signaling pathways in plant cells. Activation of HrBP1 can thus induce resistance against viruses, bacteria, fungi and pests 
in plants, and improve plant growth and development via those signaling pathways. Here, we show that Dufulin can upregulate the expression of HrBP1 and activate the SA signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of PR-1a and PR-5. Other studies have shown that the SA signaling pathway is closely associated with antiviral resistance of host plants and that its downstream molecules are PRs and PAL protective enzymes, among which PR-1a and PR-5 are closely related to antiviral resistance. Earlier studies demonstrated that Dufulin can induce resistance in tobacco by activating PAL, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The results of the current study extend those findings by revealing that Dufulin induces antiviral resistance in the host plant by activating HrBP1 to trigger the SA signaling pathway, thereby producing SAR. We further analyzed the activation of the SA signaling pathway by Dufulin and other known immunoactivators. We found that the time of induction of PR-1a expression after Dufulin treatment was quicker than that after exogenous SA application, and the maximal level of PR-1a gene expression in the Dufulin treatment group was higher than that in the exogenous SA treatment group. In addition, PR-1a gene expression persisted longer in the Dufulin treatment group than that in the SA and BTH treatment groups. Moreover, a full set of methods that combine proteome technology and bioinformatics was created to identify the target of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a study combining Catharanthine sulfate aspects of modern biotechnology, namely proteomics and bioinformatics, and molecular biology to find a drug’s target of action against a plant viral disease. In summary, this study used DIGE and 2-DE in combination with MS techniques and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes to identify HrBP1 as a possible target protein of Dufulin. Our result was verified by western blotting assays against lipid associated protein, and the downstream signaling pathway was identified by RT-PCR analysis of the related genes NPR1, EDS1, PR-1a and PR-5. All results obtained using our proteomics and molecular biology methods indicated that acquisition of SAR and enhancement of antiviral activity by Dufulin were mediated via HrBP1 activation. In addition, a protective assay based on counting of lesions also indicated that Dufulin had protective effects against TMV. Taken together, these results show that Dufulin is an immunoactivator of SAR that confers antiviral activity to cells via regulation of the SA signaling pathway. The findings of this research lay the groundwork for developing a molecular model for selection of antiviral drugs based on the SA signaling pathway. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive cognitive processes that include supervisory control over impulsive behaviors and the ability to flexibly shift attentional processes as the situation demands. Imaging studies in humans show functional changes in the PFC of both abstinent and non-abstinent alcoholics, including changes in response to cues associated with drinking.