It is also able to repair and remodel its structure and integrity after epithelial damage. However, when nasal and sinonasal mucosa are chronically inflamed, such as in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, the epithelium function and structure become altered.In experimental hut trials in Benin, pyrethroid-based vector control was significantly less effective in inhibiting blood-feeding and killing mosquitoes in areas with pyrethroid-resistant populations than in areas with pyrethroid-susceptible populations. A predominantly vector-centric control strategy coupled with increasing levels of insecticide resistance poses a significant challenge to the global malaria elimination community. As such, it is vital to establish a surveillance system to monitor emerging resistance and mitigate its effects. Zambia has been a leader in sub-Saharan Africa in implementing an ambitious malaria control programme. With targets of universal coverage of vector control and a 75% reduction in malaria incidence between 2010 and 2015, the country’s ambitions largely surpass those set by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. In 2012, 73% of households either had at least one ITN or had been protected with IRS. This, in concert with improved treatment, diagnosis, and intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy led to a reduction in malaria mortality by 66% between 2001 and 2009. However, WHO bioassays were completed in 2010 and detected insecticide resistance to 3 of the 4 insecticide classes recommended by the World Health Organization for IRS. Initial geographic coverage of resistance data was limited to nine districts in three provinces surrounding the capital of Lusaka. IRS expanded to 54 districts in 2010 and all 72 districts in 2011. With control measures rapidly scaling up, insecticide resistance confirmed, and a lack of resistance data in much of the country, the potential for control failure was clear. This prompted the establishment of a national insecticide resistance management technical working group and enhanced efforts to monitor insecticide resistance and the mechanisms present in the country. Here we report the data generated from these efforts and discuss the implications for future malaria vector control. Vector control was reintroduced as the frontline method of malaria prevention in Zambia in 2000, and since that time, has been rapidly scaled up to cover the entire country. As in many countries, vector control with IRS and ITNs has relied almost entirely on pyrethroids and DDT. Pyrethroids are the only class of insecticides recommended for use on ITNs, and due to their low cost, relatively low mammalian toxicity, and long residual activity, they have also been extensively used by IRS programmes. Coinciding with increased use, there has been a rapid increase in reports of phenotypic resistance to these insecticides in subSahar.