The impaired expression in SLE patients most likely reflects the activation of pDCs, which has been suggested to occur in these patients because of anti-nucleic acids immune complexes. However, in the same SLE patients cohort, also lymphocytes displayed lower levels of LAIR-1, which might be similarly related to their in vivo activation. Nevertheless, another intriguing scenario may envisage an inherited deficiency of one or more inhibitory receptors that might be involved in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease. However, this latter hypothesis contrasts with the slight but consistent expression of NKp44 observed on SLE PB pDCs, which also points to an activation status of pDCs in SLE patients. Whatever the case, a persistently impaired expression of pDC inhibitory receptors, such as LAIR-1 or BDCA-2, might contribute to the maintenance of elevated IFNa levels and therefore to the pathologic immune response. In conclusion, we have described the expression of the immune inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 on pDCs and showed that, in a coordinated fashion with NKp44, it is able to control the release of IFNa in response to TLR ligands, including anti-DNA immuno complexes. In addition, we extended previous knowledge about NKp44 function in pDCs of peripheral blood and tissues. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms ruling type I IFN production and, more specifically, of pDC functional receptors, will be fundamental for planning new immune interventions for controlling autoimmune, viral and neoplastic diseases. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant commonly employed in the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events such as myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis. However, large inter- and intra-individual variabilities in treatment responses coupled with a narrow therapeutic range have made the clinical optimization of warfarin doses difficult. The dose requirements for warfarin have been shown to be influenced by various factors including age, weight, ethnicity, vitamin-K enriched diet, drug interactions and genetics of individuals. Current clinical practice utilizes the international normalization ratio to optimize the dose of warfarin in individual patients which has performed far from ideal. The pharmacogenetics of warfarin has been the focus of recent research to elucidate the factors which can influence the dose of warfarin and identify the biomarkers which predict the optimal warfarin doses. Warfarin is an orally administered coumarin derivative which is rapidly absorbed into the systemic OTX015 cost circulation with bioavailability of 100%. Up to 99% of the circulating drug is bound to plasma albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Warfarin is present as a racemic mixture of S- and R- enantiomers with S-warfarin.